E-Scrap Recycling Market

E-Scrap Recycling Market Insights, Competitive Landscape, and Market Forecast - 2033

Published Date: Apr 2026 | Format: | No. of Pages: 200 | Industry: Energy & Natural Resources

The E-Scrap Recycling Market is valued at USD 51.9 Bn in 2026 and is projected to reach USD 80.7 Bn, growing at a CAGR of 7% by 2033.

Stringent Laws for Preserving Environmental Health from E-waste to Augur Well for the Growth of the E-scrap Recycling Market

Environmental risks posed by dumping of electronic products and components have resulted in enactment of strict regulations to avoid adverse effects. This is expected to primarily uplift the prospects of e-scrap recycling market. For instance, National Centre for Electronics Recycling (NCER) has devised an interactive roadmap to gain detailed information regarding laws for e-waste recycling along with other details such as amount of e-waste volume to promote awareness. Similarly, the Environment Ministry in India announced release of new draft regarding e-waste management norms, setting fresh standards and mandates for companies. As per the draft businesses need to recycle 80% of the electronic waste generated by 2025.

Various elements in e-scrap such as mercury, lead, arsenic, antimony, and cadmium are non-biodegradable, and hazardous to human and environment health. These elements pollute soil and water resulting in health risks. This factor has influenced the activity of e-scrap recycling to preserve environmental health. Moreover, increasing awareness apropos to landfills has further paved new pathways of growth for the e-scrap recycling market. In this backdrop, the associated stringent regulations mandating the prevention of inappropriate disposal is expected to fuel e-scrap recycling activity on the global front.

Plastic Recycling Likely to Gain Momentum in E-scrap Recycling Market

With regards to processed materials, plastic recycling is gaining high steam. On the back of increasing adoption of plastic in the consumer electronics space and the e-waste generated, recycling of plastic is bound to increase at a momentous rate to contribute towards environment health. That said, recycling various types of plastic material such as expanded polystyrene (EPS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is expected to largely complement the growth of the e-scrap recycling market from a value standpoint.

North America Poised to Cement Dominance, Asia Pacific to Showcase a Highly Opportunistic Scenario for E-scrap Recycling Market

Growing penetration of technology in consumer electronics backed by strong economic growth remains instrumental in driving the e-scrap recycling market in North America. Moreover, rising GDP per capita post-COVID-19 situation has resulted in an increase in the use of advanced electronic devices in residential and commercial applications. Furthermore, with the advent of telehealth, the use of smartphones has increased considerably across developed countries such as Canada, and the United States. According to National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), smartphone technology has a critical role to play in the healthcare scenario by providing users access to different healthcare platforms.

Using the smartphone technology, online diagnosis has become possible thus contributing towards patient success in less time. This has further fuelled sales of advanced smartphone models that are integrated with health tracking applications. Moreover, adoption of other consumer electronic appliances such as smart vacuum cleaners, toasters, coffee makers, air fryers, hair dryers, and voice assistants has witnessed an upswing. These factors have resulted in an increase in the volume of e-scrap generated in the region, consequently aiding the growth of e-scrap recycling market in North America.

On the other hand, developing economies in Asia Pacific are expected to reflect high growth possibilities on the back of significantly growing electronics industry. In addition, the region has remained a lucrative marketplace of several industries that use electronics in their daily operations. This has further fuelled sales of electronic equipment, components, and consumables in the region. Backed by a stable growth in GDP per capita, individuals are investing in advanced electronic applications to gain convenience and streamline their routine tasks. Both commercially and in home use, electronic components are playing a vital role in simplifying tasks and processes, thereby increasing customer satisfaction. This is expected to result in an increased volume of e-waste generation in Asia Pacific. As per norms of government authorities, disposal of e-waste in surroundings has been banned, which in turn is likely to pave an optimistic pathway for the e-scrap recycling market in the coming years in the region.

E-scrap Recycling Market: Competitive Landscape

Collaborations and capacity expansions by initiating investments by major players have prevailed in the e-scrap recycling market. For instance, in 2022, Umicore announced its plan to invest in e-scrap recycling backed by its strategy – the Umicore 2030 RISE. An investment of US$ 525 million would be raised in large-scale recycling of batteries. This Greenfield plant will adopt Umicore’s new evolution in pyro-hydro technology focusing on sustainable growth. Similarly, in April 2022, a collaboration was signed between DOWA HOLDINGS Co. Ltd., and Tohoku University for the development and expansion of research efforts for provision of superior materials and technology and recycling. Main objective of this collaboration is the development of advanced technology for resource recycling, along with responding to challenges to sustainability such as carbon neutrality. 

A few of the major companies in the e-scrap recycling market include:

  • JX Nippon Mining & Metals Corporation
  • Umicore N.V.
  • DOWA Holdings Co., Ltd.
  • Sims Metal Management Limited
  • Stena Metall AB
  • Electronic Recyclers International (ERI)
  • Enviro-Hub Holdings Ltd.
  • Boliden Group
  • Aurubis AG
  • MBA Polymers Inc.
  • Tetronics International
  • Veolia Environnement S.A.
  • ITRenew, Inc.
  • Global Electric Electronic Processing Inc. (GEEP)
  • Ecoreco Ltd.

The Global E-scrap Recycling Market is Segmented as Below:

By Product Type

  • Information Technology (IT) and Telecommunications Equipment
    • Computers & Laptops
    • Telephones & Mobile Phones
    • Printers & Scanners
    • Photocopiers
    • Others (Tablets, Wi-Fi devices etc.)
  • Large White Goods
    • Refrigerators/Freezers
    • Washing Machines
    • Dishwashers
    • Others (Dishwashers, Cooking Ranges etc.)
  • Small Household Appliances
    • Toasters
    • Coffee Makers
    • Hairdryers
    • Stereo Equipment
    • Others (Irons, Electric Toothbrushes etc.)
  • Other Appliances (Handheld Drills, Sports Equipment, Electronic Toys etc.)

By Processed Materials

  • Plastic
  • Metal
    • Ferrous
    • Non-ferrous
    • Other Precious Metal
  • Glass
  • Others (Aluminum, Polycarbonate etc.)

By Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • LAMEA
  1. Executive Summary
    1. Global E-Scrap Recycling Market Snapshot
    2. Future Projections
    3. Key Market Trends
    4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2026
    5. Analyst Recommendations
  2. Market Overview
    1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
    2. Market Dynamics
      1. Drivers
      2. Restraints
      3. Market Opportunities
    3. Value Chain Analysis
    4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
    5. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
    6. Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict
    7. PESTLE Analysis
    8. Regulatory Analysis
    9. Price Trend Analysis
      1. Current Prices and Future Projections, 2025-2033
      2. Price Impact Factors
  3. Global E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033
    1. Global E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. IT & Telecommunication Equipment
      2. Large Household Appliances
      3. Small Household Appliances
      4. Consumer Electronics
    2. Global E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal
      2. Plastic
      3. Glass
      4. Others
    3. Global E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Household Appliances
      2. IT & Telecom Equipment
      3. Consumer Electronics
      4. Computers & Mobile Devices
    4. Global E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal Recycling
      2. Plastic Recycling
      3. Glass Recycling
      4. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Recycling
    5. Global E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. North America
      2. Europe
      3. Asia Pacific
      4. Latin America
      5. Middle East & Africa
  4. North America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033
    1. North America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. IT & Telecommunication Equipment
      2. Large Household Appliances
      3. Small Household Appliances
      4. Consumer Electronics
    2. North America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal
      2. Plastic
      3. Glass
      4. Others
    3. North America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Household Appliances
      2. IT & Telecom Equipment
      3. Consumer Electronics
      4. Computers & Mobile Devices
    4. North America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal Recycling
      2. Plastic Recycling
      3. Glass Recycling
      4. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Recycling
    5. North America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. U.S. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      2. U.S. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      3. U.S. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      4. U.S. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      5. Canada E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      6. Canada E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      7. Canada E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      8. Canada E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
    6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
  5. Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033
    1. Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. IT & Telecommunication Equipment
      2. Large Household Appliances
      3. Small Household Appliances
      4. Consumer Electronics
    2. Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal
      2. Plastic
      3. Glass
      4. Others
    3. Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Household Appliances
      2. IT & Telecom Equipment
      3. Consumer Electronics
      4. Computers & Mobile Devices
    4. Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal Recycling
      2. Plastic Recycling
      3. Glass Recycling
      4. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Recycling
    5. Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Germany E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      2. Germany E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      3. Germany E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      4. Germany E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      5. Italy E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      6. Italy E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      7. Italy E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      8. Italy E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      9. France E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      10. France E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      11. France E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      12. France E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      13. U.K. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      14. U.K. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      15. U.K. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      16. U.K. E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      17. Spain E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      18. Spain E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      19. Spain E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      20. Spain E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      21. Russia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      22. Russia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      23. Russia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      24. Russia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      25. Rest of Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      26. Rest of Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      27. Rest of Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      28. Rest of Europe E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
    6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
  6. Asia Pacific E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033
    1. Asia Pacific E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. IT & Telecommunication Equipment
      2. Large Household Appliances
      3. Small Household Appliances
      4. Consumer Electronics
    2. Asia Pacific E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal
      2. Plastic
      3. Glass
      4. Others
    3. Asia Pacific E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Household Appliances
      2. IT & Telecom Equipment
      3. Consumer Electronics
      4. Computers & Mobile Devices
    4. Asia Pacific E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal Recycling
      2. Plastic Recycling
      3. Glass Recycling
      4. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Recycling
    5. Asia Pacific E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. China E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      2. China E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      3. China E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      4. China E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      5. Japan E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      6. Japan E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      7. Japan E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      8. Japan E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      9. South Korea E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      10. South Korea E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      11. South Korea E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      12. South Korea E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      13. India E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      14. India E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      15. India E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      16. India E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      17. Southeast Asia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      18. Southeast Asia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      19. Southeast Asia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      20. Southeast Asia E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      21. Rest of SAO E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      22. Rest of SAO E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      23. Rest of SAO E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      24. Rest of SAO E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
    6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
  7. Latin America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033
    1. Latin America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. IT & Telecommunication Equipment
      2. Large Household Appliances
      3. Small Household Appliances
      4. Consumer Electronics
    2. Latin America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal
      2. Plastic
      3. Glass
      4. Others
    3. Latin America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Household Appliances
      2. IT & Telecom Equipment
      3. Consumer Electronics
      4. Computers & Mobile Devices
    4. Latin America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal Recycling
      2. Plastic Recycling
      3. Glass Recycling
      4. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Recycling
    5. Latin America E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Brazil E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      2. Brazil E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      3. Brazil E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      4. Brazil E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      5. Mexico E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      6. Mexico E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      7. Mexico E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      8. Mexico E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      9. Argentina E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      10. Argentina E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      11. Argentina E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      12. Argentina E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      13. Rest of LATAM E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      14. Rest of LATAM E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      15. Rest of LATAM E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      16. Rest of LATAM E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
    6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
  8. Middle East & Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033
    1. Middle East & Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. IT & Telecommunication Equipment
      2. Large Household Appliances
      3. Small Household Appliances
      4. Consumer Electronics
    2. Middle East & Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal
      2. Plastic
      3. Glass
      4. Others
    3. Middle East & Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Household Appliances
      2. IT & Telecom Equipment
      3. Consumer Electronics
      4. Computers & Mobile Devices
    4. Middle East & Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. Metal Recycling
      2. Plastic Recycling
      3. Glass Recycling
      4. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Recycling
    5. Middle East & Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2020-2033
      1. GCC E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      2. GCC E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      3. GCC E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      4. GCC E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      5. South Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      6. South Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      7. South Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      8. South Africa E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      9. Egypt E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      10. Egypt E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      11. Egypt E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      12. Egypt E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      13. Nigeria E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      14. Nigeria E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      15. Nigeria E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      16. Nigeria E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
      17. Rest of Middle East E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Product Type, 2020-2033
      18. Rest of Middle East E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Material, 2020-2033
      19. Rest of Middle East E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Source, 2020-2033
      20. Rest of Middle East E-Scrap Recycling Market Outlook, by Recycling Process / Recycler Type, 2020-2033
    6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
  9. Competitive Landscape
    1. Company Vs Segment Heatmap
    2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2025
    3. Competitive Dashboard
    4. Company Profiles
      1. JX Nippon Mining & Metals Corporation
        1. Company Overview
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Financial Overview
        4. Business Strategies and Developments
      2. Umicore N.V.
      3. DOWA Holdings Co., Ltd.
      4. Sims Metal Management Limited
      5. Stena Metall AB
      6. Electronic Recyclers International (ERI)
      7. Enviro-Hub Holdings Ltd.
      8. Boliden Group
      9. Aurubis AG
      10. MBA Polymers Inc.
  10. Appendix
    1. Research Methodology
    2. Report Assumptions
    3. Acronyms and Abbreviations

BASE YEAR

HISTORICAL DATA

FORECAST PERIOD

UNITS

2025

 

2019 - 2024

2026 - 2033

Value: US$ Million

FAQs : E-Scrap Recycling Market

The E-Scrap Recycling market size is USD 51.9 Bn in 2026.

The E-Scrap Recycling market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7% by 2033.

The E-Scrap Recycling market growth drivers include stringent environmental regulations, rising e-waste generation, and increasing awareness of recycling and sustainability.

North America is a dominating region for E-Scrap Recycling market.

Umicore N.V., DOWA Holdings Co., Ltd., Sims Metal Management Limited, Stena Metall AB, and Veolia Environnement S.A. are some leading industry players in the OE-Scrap Recycling market.

Our Research Methodology

Considering the volatility of business today, traditional approaches to strategizing a game plan can be unfruitful if not detrimental. True ambiguity is no way to determine a forecast. A myriad of predetermined factors must be accounted for such as the degree of risk involved, the magnitude of circumstances, as well as conditions or consequences that are not known or unpredictable. To circumvent binary views that cast uncertainty, the application of market research intelligence to strategically posture, move, and enable actionable outcomes is necessary.

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